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How related are tree-species: Systematics

For your understanding of trees it might help to know some background on their relatedness. See also here and here or here for a different overview. You can see to a degree how close treespecies are related by the schema below:

The place of trees in the plant kingdom.

All trees are seed-plants. non-seedplants are the Pteridophyta with species like ferns.

Different groups containing trees in the plant kingdom.

Some trees are Gymnosperma (naked-seeds) like coniferes, pines and cypresses, lork and taxus.
All trees with leafs are Angiosperma, (flowering plants with covered-seeds), of the class dycotyla (seeds with two parts) as opposed to moncotyls (like grasses for example).

Relatedness of tree-species.

Trees with leafs can be more or less related. The ordes Salicales and fagalus are very related. Salicales are willows (wilgen) and cottonwoods (populieren). The order Fagalus contains the birches (berk) and alders (els) in one family, beech (beuk) chestnut (kastanje) and oak (eik) in another and elms (iep) in yet another. All these families of species are in close relationships to one another. These orders were amongst the first flowering plants to evolve about 140 million years ago.

Other trees that are related are those inside the order of Rosalia that contains the Platana (platanen) and Rosaceae with prunus (cherry kers), apple pear (appel en peer) and so on.
Also related are the maples (esdoorns) and horsechestnut (paardekastanje). The ash is part of the order that also contains the olive-tree. The Linden (linde) stand on their own.   


Systematics of the plant-kingdom and the place of tree-species and families in it.

Kingdom of the plants (based on Flora van Nederland, 1983, Wolters-Noordhof twintigste druk).

Afdeling Pteridophyta
        klasse Lycopsida, wolfsklauwachtigen
        klasse Sphenopsida, Paardestaartachtigen
        klasse Filicopsida, Varens

Afdeling Spermatophyta, Zaadplanten
   Onderafdeling Gymnospermae (Naaktzadigen)
http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/taxa.htm
        klasse Coniferopsida
           orde Coniferales
                Pinaceae Dennenfamilie
                        Abies L zilverspar
                        Pseudotsuga Douglasspar
                        Tsuga Hemlockspar
                        Picae Spar
                        Larix Larix
                        Pinus Den
                Cupressaceae Cypresfamilie
                        Thuja Levensboom
                        Juniperus Jeneverbes
                Sequoiadendron Sequoia familie
                        sequoiadendron giganteum
        klasse Taxopsida
           orde Taxales
                        Taxaceae Taxusfamilie
                        Taxus
                         
   Onderafdeling Angiospermae Bedektzadigen
        klasse Monocotyledones Eenzaadlobbigen
                                Voorbeelden:
                        Graminales Grassenfamilie,
                        Amarylllidaceae Narcissenfamilie (nacis)
                        Iridacea Lissenfamilie (crocus, Lis, )
                        Liliiflorea Leliefamilie (lelie, asperge, hyacinth, bieslook)
                        Spathiflorae Aronskelkfamilie
                        Juncacea Russen (veldbies, veldrus)
                        Orchideaceae Orchideeen
                        Cyperaceae Cypergrassen (Zegge, Cypergras,Zeebies)
        klasse Dicotyledones Tweezaadlobbigen
          orde Salicales
                        Salicaceae wilgenfamilie
                                (Salix wilg)
                                (Populus populier [en abeel] {esp})
          orde Myricaceae
                        Myricaceae Gagelfamilie
          orde Fagales
                        Betulaceau Berkenfamilie
                                Betula berk
                                Alnus Els
                        Corylaceae Hazelaarfamilie
                                Carpinus
                                        betulus Haagbeuk
                                Corylus
                                        carpinus Hazelaar
                        Fagaceae Beukenfamilie
                                Castanea kastanje
                                Fagus Beuk
                                        sylvatica beuk
                                Quercus Eik
                                        rubra amerikaanse eik
                                        robur zomereik
                                        petraea wintereik
                        Urticales Iepenfamilie
                                Ulmus Iep
                                        laevis steeliep
                                        minor Glasse iep
                                        glabra Ruwe iep
                                niet bomen families: Cannabacea hennep, Urticacea brandnetel
                orde Polygonales duizendknoop (Rumex zuring)
                orde Centrospermae (Caryophyllaceae anjer
                orde Ranales (nymphaeaceae waterlelie) (ranunculaceae ranonkel)
                orde Rhoeedales (Papaveraceae papaver) (Cruciferaa kruisbloemen)
                orde Sarraceniales zonnedauw,
                orde Rosales
                        niet boom: Crassulaceae vetplanten; Saxifrageceae steenbreek (Rives kruisbes, zwarte bes aalbes);
                        Platanaceae plataanfamilie
                                Platanus plataan
                                        hybrida gewone plataan (occidentalisXorientalis)
                        Rosaceae rozenfamilie
                                niet bomen: Fragaria aardbei, Rubus braam framboos, Rosa roos,
                                Pyrus peer
                                        communis peer
                                Malus appel
                                        sylvestris appel
                                Sorbus lijsterbes
                                        aucuparia wilde lijsterbes
                                        aria meelbes
                                Crataegus meidoorn
                                        laevigata tweestijlige meidoorn
                                Prunus prunus
                                        serotina amerikaanse vogelkers
                                        cerasus zure kers
                                        avium zoete kers
                                        domestica pruim
                        Leguminosa vlinderbloemigen; Linaceae (vlas);
                orde Sapindales
                        Anacardiaceae pruikeboomfamilie
                                Rhus
                                        radicans gifsumak (poison ivy)
                        Aceraceae esdoornfamilie
                                Acer esdoorn
                                        negundo vder-esdoorn
                                        pseudoplatanus gewone esdoorn
                                        platanoides noorse esdoorn
                        Hippocastanaceae paardenkastanjefamilie
                                Aesculus paardenkastanje
                                        hippocastanum wilde kastanje
                                        A X carnae rode paardenkastanje
                        niet bomen: balsemien,
                orde Calastrales
                        aquifoliaceae hulstfamilie
                                ilex
                                        aquifolium hulst
                orde Rhamnales
                        Rhamnaceae wegedoornfamilie
                                Rhamnus
                                        cartharticus wegedoorn
                                        alnus sporkehout (vuilboom)
                        niet boom: Vitaceae (wijnstok)
                orde Malvales
                        Tiliaceae lindefamilie
                                Tilia linde
                                        platyphylos zomerlinde
                                        cordata winterlinde
                        niet bomen: Malvaceae (kaasjeskruid),
                orde Thymelaeales
                        niet boom: Thymelaeaceae (peperboompjes), elaeagnaceae (duindoorn),
                orde Guttiferales (hertshooifamilie; stjanskruid)
                orde Violales (Violaceae viooltjes) (Cistaceae zonneroosjes) (Elatinaceae glaskroos)
                orde Cucurbitales (komkommer)
                orde Myrtales (Lythraceae kattestaart) (Haloragaceae vederkruid)
                orde Umbelliflora (Cornaceae kornoelje) (Araliaceae klimop) (Umbellifereae schermbloemigen)
                orde Ericales (Ericaceae heide)
                orde Primulales (Primulaceae sleutelbloem)
                orde Plumbaginaceae (strandkruid)
                orde Oleales
                        Oleaceae olijffamilie
                                fraxinus es
                                        excelsior gewone es
                                syringa sering
                                ligustrum liguster
                                
                orde Gentianes (gentiaan) (Rubiaceae walstro)
                orde Tubiflorae (Polemoniaceae vlambloem) (Convolvulaceae winde) (Boraginaceae ruwbladigen) (Libiatae libbloemigen; dovenetel) (Solaneceae nachtschade; aardappel) (Scrophulariaceae helmkruid)
                orde Plantaginales weegbree
                orde Dipsacales
                        Caprifoliaceae kamperfoelie
                                nigra gewone vlier
                        niet=boom Adoxaceae muskuskruid; Valarianaceae valeriaan; Dipsacaceae kaardebol;
                orde Campanulaes klokjes (Compositae composieten; kamille; distel; goudsbloem)   

All plant-families that include at least one species of woody plants.

stolen from http://www.treeguide.com.

Family Common name Other names
Acanthaceae     
Aceraceae   Maple  
Achatocarpaceae     
Actinidiaceae     
Adoxaceae   Viburnum  
Aegicerataceae     
Aextoxicaceae     
Agavaceae   Agave  
Aitoniaceae     
Akaniaceae     
Alangiaceae     
Altingiaceae     
Alzateaceae     
Anacardiaceae   Cashew   sumac
Androstachydaceae     
Anisophylleaceae     
Annonaceae   Custard-apple   pawpaw
Antoniaceae     
Apocynaceae     
Aquifoliaceae   Holly  
Aquilariaceae     
Araliaceae   Ginseng  
Aralidiaceae     
Araucariaceae     
Arecaceae   Palm  
Asclepiadaceae     
Asphodelaceae     
Asteliaceae     
Asteraceae     
Asteranthaceae     
Asteropeiaceae     
Atherospermataceae     
Averrhoaceae     
Avicenniaceae     
Balanitaceae     
Balanopaceae     
Bambusaceae     
Barbeyaceae     
Barringtoniaceae     
Berberidaceae     
Betulaceae   Birch  
Bignoniaceae   Trumpet-creeper   Catalpa
Bischofiaceae     
Bixaceae     
Blechnaceae     
Blepharocaryaceae     
Boerlagellaceae     
Bombacaceae     
Bonnetiaceae     
Boraginaceae     
Bretschneideraceae     
Brexiaceae     
Bromeliaceae     
Brunelliaceae     
Bruniaceae     
Buddlejaceae     
Burseraceae     
Buxaceae     
Cactaceae   Cactus  
Caesalpiniaceae     
Calycanthaceae     
Campanulaceae     
Canellaceae     
Canotiaceae     
Capparidaceae     
Caprifoliaceae   Honeysuckle  
Caricaceae     
Carpinaceae     
Caryocaraceae     
Caryophyllaceae     
Casuarinaceae   Beefwood  
Cecropiaceae     
Celastraceae   bittersweet  
Cephalotaxaceae     
Cercidiphyllaceae   katsura  
Chenopodiaceae     
Chloranthaceae     
Chrysobalanaceae     
Cleomaceae     
Clethraceae   Pepperbush  
Cochlospermaceae     
Columelliaceae     
Combretaceae     
Compositae   Sunflower  
Connaraceae     
Convolvulaceae     
Coriariaceae     
Cornaceae   Dogwood  
Corylaceae     
Corynocarpaceae     
Crassulaceae     
Crypteroniaceae     
Ctenolophaceae     
Cunoniaceae     
Cupressaceae   Redwood   juniper
Curtisiaceae     
Cycadaceae     
Cyrillaceae     
Daphniphyllaceae     
Davidiaceae     
Davidsoniaceae     
Degenariaceae     
Dialypetalanthaceae     
Dichapetalaceae     
Dicksoniaceae     
Didiereaceae     
Didymelaceae     
Diegodendraceae     
Dilleniaceae     
Dipentodontaceae     
Dipterocarpaceae     
Dracaenaceae     
Duckeodendraceae     
Dulongiaceae     
Ebenaceae   Ebony   persimmon
Ehretiaceae     
Elaeagnaceae   Russian-olive  
Epacridaceae     
Ericaceae   Heath  
Erythroxylaceae     
Escalloniaceae     
Eucommiaceae     
Eucryphiaceae     
Euphorbiaceae   Euphorbia  
Eupomatiaceae     
Eupteleaceae     
Fabaceae   Legume  
Fagaceae   Beech   oak
Flacourtiaceae     
Flindersiaceae     
Foetidiaceae     
Fouquieriaceae     
Garryaceae     
Ginkgoaceae   Ginkgo  
Goetzeaceae     
Gomortegaceae     
Gonystylaceae     
Goodeniaceae     
Goupiaceae     
Greyiaceae     
Griseliniaceae     
Grossulariaceae     
Guttiferae     
Gyrocarpaceae     
Gyrostemonaceae     
Hamamelidaceae   Witch-hazel  
Henriqueziaceae     
Hernandiaceae     
Heteropyxidaceae     
Himantandraceae     
Hippocastanaceae   Horsechestnut   buckeye
Hoplestigmataceae     
Humbertiaceae     
Humiriaceae     
Hydrangeaceae   Hydrangea  
Hymenocardiaceae     
Hymenophyllaceae     
Hypericaceae     
Icacinaceae     
Idiospermaceae     
Illiciaceae     
Irvingiaceae     
Iteaceae     
Ixonanthaceae     
Juglandaceae   Walnut  
Julianaceae     
Kirkiaceae     
Koeberlinaceae     
Labiatae     
Lacistemataceae     
Lauraceae   Laurel  
Lecythidaceae     
Leeaceae     
Leitneriaceae     
Leptospermaceae     
Liliaceae   Lily  
Linaceae     
Lissocarpaceae     
Loasaceae     
Loganiaceae     
Lophopyxidaceae     
Loranthaceae     
Lythraceae     
Magnoliaceae   Magnolia  
Malpighiaceae     
Malvaceae     
Marcgraviaceae     
Mastixiaceae     
Medusagynaceae     
Medusandraceae     
Melanophyllaceae     
Melastomataceae     
Meliaceae     
Melianthaceae     
Meliosmaceae     
Memecylaceae     
Menispermaceae     
Montiniaceae     
Moraceae   Mulberry  
Moringaceae     
Musaceae     
Myoporaceae     
Myricaceae     
Myristicaceae     
Myrsinaceae     
Myrtaceae     
Napoleonaeaceae     
Naucleaceae     
Nyctaginaceae     
Ochnaceae     
Octoknemaceae     
Olacaceae     
Oleaceae   Olive   ash
Oliniaceae     
Onagraceae     
Oncothecaceae     
Opiliaceae     
Pandaceae     
Pandanaceae     
Papaveraceae     
Paracryphiaceae     
Passifloraceae     
Pelliceriaceae     
Pentaphylacaceae     
Peraceae     
Peridiscaceae     
Periplocaceae     
Phellinaceae     
Philadelphaceae     
Phytolaccaceae     
Picramniaceae     
Picrodendraceae     
Pinaceae   Pine  
Piperaceae     
Pistaciaceae     
Pittosporaceae     
Platanaceae   Sycamore   plane
Plocospermataceae     
Poaceae     
Podocarpaceae     
Polemoniaceae     
Polygalaceae     
Polygonaceae     
Potaliaceae     
Proteaceae     
Psiloxylaceae     
Ptaeroxylaceae     
Punicaceae     
Quiinaceae     
Rhamnaceae     
Rhizophoraceae   Red Mangrove  
Rhodoleiaceae     
Rhynchocalycaceae     
Rosaceae   Rose  
Rubiaceae     
Rutaceae   Rue  
Salicaceae   Willow   poplar
Salvadoraceae     
Santalaceae     
Sapindaceae   Soapberry  
Sapotaceae     
Sarcolaenaceae     
Sarcospermataceae     
Sciadopytyaceae     
Scrophulariaceae     
Scyphostegiaceae     
Scytopetalaceae     
Simaroubaceae   Quassia  
Siparunaceae     
Siphonodontaceae     
Sladeniaceae     
Solanaceae     
Sphaerosepalaceae     
Sphenostemonaceae     
Stachyuraceae     
Staphyleaceae   Bladdernut  
Sterculiaceae   Sterculia  
Stilaginaceae     
Strasburgeriaceae     
Strelitziaceae     
Strychnaceae     
Stylocerataceae     
Styracaceae     
Surianaceae     
Symplocaceae     
Tamaricaceae     
Taxaceae   Yew  
Tepuianthaceae     
Tetracentraceae     
Tetramelaceae     
Tetrameristaceae     
Theaceae   Tea  
Theophrastaceae     
Thymelaeaceae   Mezereum  
Ticodendraceae     
Tiliaceae   Linden   basswood
Toricelliaceae     
Trigoniaceae     
Trimeniaceae     
Trochodendraceae     
Turneraceae     
Uapacaceae     
Ulmaceae   Elm  
Umbelliferae     
Urticaceae     
Verbenaceae     
Violaceae     
Vitaceae     
Vochysiaceae     
Winteraceae     
Xanthophyllaceae     
Zygophyllaceae